It is coded as utility prediction error by phasic dopamine responses. Utility is the formal mathematical characterization of subjective value and a prime decision variable in economic choice theory.
The approach and choice functions involve subjective value, which is objectively assessed by behavioral choices eliciting internal, subjective reward preferences.
These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex projecting to select neuronal populations. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and emotions.
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